Pome Fruits [North]

Courtesy of Clemson University – USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series,
www.InsectImages.org.

Codling Moth
April or early May brings the emergence and mating of adult codling moths. Eggs begin to hatch near first cover. When fully grown, larvae are to 1/2 to 5/8 inch long, and pinkish-white. They have legs and a brown head with dark speckles on the shield located behind the head, but they do not have an anal comb like Oriental fruit moth.

Codling moth adults are gray in color with females about 3/8 long. Males are slightly smaller than females with a grouping of hair-like scales near each wing's base. The wings are dark gray near the base, with the inside wing tips containing a dark patch of coppery scales.

An insecticide spray against codling moth should be based on pheromone trapping and the use of a codling moth degree-day model. After the first sustained catch of codling moth males, which is referred to as a biofix, degree-days are accumulated using 50 F as the base temperature. At a specific degree-day accumulation, the model predicts when to make the first insecticide application.

Recommendations

Intrepid^® 2F insecticide, with the active ingredient methoxyfenozide, can be used to control codling moth starting with the first generation. Between 100 and 200 degree-days after biofix, apply Intrepid at 16 oz./A, at initiating of egg laying. Make a second application of Intrepid at 16 oz./A 10 to 14 days later. For the second and third generation, apply Intrepid at 16 oz./A and make a second application 10 to 14 days later.

Remember, implement good resistance management practices and do not to use Intrepid for each generation of codling moth. Instead, use Intrepid for codling moth control where Intrepid also can provide you valuable control of other pests, such as tufted apple budmoth or obliquebanded leafroller. When not using Intrepid to control codling moth, use other active ingredients such as azinphos-methyl, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, phosmet, novaluron, indoxacarb, pyriproxyfen or thiacloprid, and consider the use of pheromone disruption.

Courtesy of Clemson University – USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series,
www.InsectImages.org.

Courtesy of Clemson University — USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series,
www.InsectImages.org.

Oriental Fruit Moth Control
Before apple bloom, Oriental fruit moth (OFM) adults emerge and mate. Typically eggs begin to hatch at petal fall. A mature larva is 1/2 inch long, pinkish-white with a brown head, and has legs and an anal comb. Adults are a gray color with dark-brown bands on their wings. They are about 1/4 inch long with a wingspan of about 1/2 inch.

Pheromone trap catches and a degree-day model are use to determine when insecticide applications should begin.

Recommendations

Only one insecticide application should be made for first-generation OFM. Intrepid applied at 400 to 500 degree-days after biofix will provide control. Applications for second-generation populations can start at 1,100 degree-days after the biofix, with two follow-up applications 14 days apart if needed. At 2,200 degree-days, an application to control the third generation can be applied. If needed, two-week spray intervals can be maintained for fourth and fifth generations. Egg laying can continue from August through October.

Azinphos-methyl, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, indoxacarb or thiacloprid are active ingredients in products that can be rotated with Intrepid in an OFM management program.

Applications of Intrepid may also control spotted tentiform leafminer, obliquebanded leafroller and tufted apple bud moth depending on application timing. For heavy infestations of OFMs and codling moths, use the highest label rate of 16 oz./A.

Tufted Apple Bud Moth
Young larvae are about 1/16 inch long with a black head accompanying a yellowish body. Older larvae reach 3/4 inch long and turn a light brown to grayish tan with a brown head capsule. A dark stripe runs down the back of the body, which distinguishes the leafroller from others.

Pupae are brown and about 3/8 inch long. Male moths are slightly smaller than female moths that reach about 1/2 inch long, with variance in color from a mottled gray to brown. Wings are generally one-third grayish at the wing base with a lighter colored margin along the leading edge of the wings. The top of the wings also have two or three groups of tufted scales.

Adults emerge toward the beginning of May, with two generations observed per year. Larvae develop on a variety of host plants such as dandelion, dock and wild strawberry, apple root suckers and apple trees in the spring.

Recommendations
Intrepid and SpinTor^® 2SC Naturalyte^® insect control, with the active ingredient spinosad, can be used in rotation with products containing the active ingredients esfenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin or methomyl. Apply Intrepid at 8 oz./A at 10 to 30 percent egg hatch. For heavy infestations, sustained moth flight, or extended residual effectiveness, reapply 10 to 18 days later.

Obliquebanded Leafroller
A black head and thoracic shield accompany the yellowish green body of young larvae. Larvae pass through six instars, and mature larvae have a black or brownish head and thoracic shield, and can reach 3/4 to 1 inch in length. Pupae are dark brown and a length of about 1/2 inch.

Reddish-brown forewings crossed by three oblique, chocolate-brown bands, distinguish the adult obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) which is 3/8 to 1/2 inch long and has a wingspan of 3/4 to 1 inch long. The hind wings are of a pale yellow color.

Recommendations
Intrepid and SpinTor make ideal partners in a rotational program used to control leafrollers. Products with the active ingredient esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, methomyl or pyriproxyfen can be rotated with Intrepid and SpinTor to broaden a rotational portfolio. Make the first application of Intrepid during the period of peak egg lay to early egg hatch (usually 200 to 400 degree-days following biofix), and reapply 10 to 18 days later (usually 500 to 700 degree-days). Follow a degree-day model to help determine when scouting should begin for OBLRs – usually five to seven days after flight initiation – to determine when to apply SpinTor. When young larvae are observed during scouting or if determining treatment based on the orchard’s history of OBLR pressure, make applications when economic threshold levels are reached.

Courtesy of Clemson University — USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series,
www.InsectImages.org.

Redbanded Leafroller
Young larvae have green to pale yellow bodies with a head and thoracic shield matching the body’s color. The head and shield of the same color is the feature that distinguishes redbanded leafrollers from other leafrollers, which have a dark head and shield. Young larvae are about 1/16 inch long and reach a total length of about 5/8 inch at maturity. Pupae initially are greenish-brown and mature to a deep brown, growing to 3/8 to 1/2 inch long.

Adults are reddish-brown with light silver, grey and orange markings. The forewings are crossed by distinct reddish-brown bands extending across the wings.

Recommendations
Intrepid and SpinTor make ideal partners in a rotational program used to control leafrollers. Products with the active ingredient azinphos-methyl, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl or pyriproxyfen can be rotated with Intrepid and SpinTor to broaden a rotational portfolio. Most effective crop protection results from application made at the initiation of egg hatch.

For a complete IRM apple management guide, visit an orchard management guide for commercial apples.

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